The
IoT has three inherent qualities:
- Things – Any connected device that
can generate data, whether it is a sensor, video camera, smartphone,
medical device, or any other device.
- Connectivity – The
physical medium—wireless or wired networks, Bluetooth, software-defined
networks—connecting devices to each other and to an IoT platform.
- Platforms – The
cloud or on-premise software applications that help you manage, configure and capture data from connected devices.
Examples of IoT abound and are
increasingly becoming familiar conveniences in our daily lives: wearables, home
automation, and security systems, and other smart devices. But the Internet of
Things have proven to be more than consumer-driven applications.
Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm that has changed the traditional way of living into a high-tech lifestyle. Smart cities, smart homes, pollution control, energy-saving, smart transportation, smart industries are such transformations due to IoT. A lot of crucial research studies and investigations have been done in order to enhance the technology through IoT. However, there are still a lot of challenges and issues that need to be addressed to achieve the full potential of IoT. These challenges and issues must be considered from various aspects of IoT such as applications, challenges, enabling technologies, social and environmental impacts, etc. The main goal of this review article is to provide a detailed discussion from both technological and social perspectives. The article discusses different challenges and key issues of IoT, architecture, and important application domains. Also, the article brings into light the existing literature and illustrated their contribution to different aspects of IoT. Moreover, the importance of big data and its analysis with respect to IoT has been discussed. This article would help the readers and researcher to understand the IoT and its applicability to the real world.
A great transformation can be observed in our daily routine life
along with the increasing involvement of IoT devices and technology. One such
development of IoT is the concept of Smart Home Systems (SHS) and appliances
that consist of internet-based devices, automation systems for homes, and
reliable energy management systems. Besides, another important achievement of
IoT is the Smart Health Sensing system (SHSS). SHSS incorporates small intelligent
equipment and devices to support the health of the human being. These devices
can be used both indoors and outdoors to check and monitor the different health
issues and fitness levels or the number of calories burned in the fitness center
etc. Also, it is being used to monitor critical health conditions in hospitals and trauma centers as well. Hence, it has changed the entire scenario
of the medical domain by facilitating it with high technology and smart devices.
Moreover, IoT developers and researchers have actively involved to uplift the lifestyle
of the disabled and senior age group people. IoT has shown a drastic
performance in this area and has provided a new direction for the normal life
of such people. As these devices and equipment are very cost-effective in terms
of development cost and easily available within a normal price range, hence
most of the people are availing them. Thanks to IoT, as they can live a normal
life. Another important aspect of our life is transportation. IoT has brought
up some new advancements to make it more efficient, comfortable, and reliable.
Intelligent sensors, drone devices are now controlling the traffic at different
signalized intersections across major cities. In addition, vehicles are being
launched in markets with pre-installed sensing devices that can sense the
upcoming heavy traffic congestions on the map and may suggest you another route
with low traffic congestion. Therefore, IoT has a lot to serve in various
aspects of life and technology. We may conclude that IoT has a lot of scopes
both in terms of technology enhancement and facilitate humankind.
IoT has also shown its importance and potential in the economic
and industrial growth of a developing region. Also, in the trade and stock exchange
market, it is being considered a revolutionary step. However, the security of
data and information is an important concern and highly desirable, which is a
major challenging issue to deal with. Internet is the largest source of
security threats and cyber-attacks have opened various doors for hackers and
thus made the data and information insecure. However, IoT is committed to
providing the best possible solutions to deal with security issues of data and
information. Hence, the most important concern of IoT in trade and the economy is
security. Therefore, the development of a secure path for collaboration between
social networks and privacy concerns is a hot topic in IoT, and IoT developers
are working hard for this.
An IoT system comprises a huge number of devices and sensors
that communicate with each other. With the extensive growth and expansion of
IoT network, the number of these sensors and devices are increasing rapidly.
These devices communicate with each other and transfer a massive amount of data
over the internet. This data is very huge and streaming every second and thus
qualified to be called big data. Continuous expansion of IoT-based networks
gives rise to complex issues such as management and collection of data, storage
and processing, and analytics. IoT big data framework for smart buildings is
very useful to deal with several issues of smart buildings such as managing
oxygen level, to measure the smoke/hazardous gases and luminosity. Such a framework is capable to collect the data from the sensors installed in the
buildings and performs data analytics for decision making. Moreover, industrial
production can be improved using an IoT-based cyber-physical system that is
equipped with information analysis and knowledge acquisition techniques.
Traffic congestion is an important issue with smart cities. The real-time
traffic information can be collected through IoT devices and sensors installed
in traffic signals and this information can be analyzed in an IoT-based traffic
management system. In healthcare analysis, the IoT sensors used with patients
generate a lot of information about the health condition of patients every
second. This large amount of information needs to be integrated into one database
and must be processed in real-time to make quick decisions with high accuracy
and big data technology is the best solution for this job.
IoT along with big data analytics can also help to transform the traditional approaches used in manufacturing industries into modern ones. The sensing devices generate information that can be analyzed using big data approaches and may help in various decision-making tasks. Furthermore, the use of cloud computing and analytics can benefit energy development and conservation with reduced cost and customer satisfaction. IoT devices generate a huge amount of streaming data that needs to be stored effectively and needs further analysis for decision-making in real-time. Deep learning is very effective to deal with such large information and can provide results with high accuracy. Therefore, IoT, Big data analytics, and Deep learning together are very important to develop a high-tech society.
